GMAT Verbal
Assumptions
Identify claims that must be true for an argument to work and confirm them with the negation test.
Definition
A required assumption is something the argument needs.
It does not merely help the argument. If the assumption is false, the reasoning should break.
Negation test
The negation test checks necessity.
Negate a candidate answer. If that negation destroys the argument, the original statement is a required assumption.
Method
Run the test carefully.
- 01Take one answer choice.
- 02Negate its meaning, not just one word mechanically.
- 03Ask whether the conclusion can still reasonably follow.
- 04If the argument collapses, the original choice is necessary.
Recognition
Common assumption patterns
- 01No alternative cause explains the result.
- 02A sample represents the broader population.
- 03The measurement actually captures the claimed concept.
- 04A past relationship will continue where the conclusion applies.
Causation gap
Causal arguments often assume away alternative causes.
If evidence shows A happened before B and the conclusion says A caused B, ask what else could have produced B.
Trap
Do not choose an answer merely because it strengthens.
A statement can make the conclusion more likely without being required. Assumption questions demand necessity.
Mini application
Try this: A survey of 50 app users found high satisfaction, so all customers are probably satisfied.
What kind of assumption is required?
Solution
The sample must be sufficiently representative of the broader customer population.
Negating that idea makes the survey poor evidence for the general conclusion.
Remember this
Required means the argument cannot do without it.
Use the negation test to separate necessary bridges from merely helpful facts.